Carbon Accounting: A Strategic Tool for Measuring Environmental Footprint and Achieving Sustainability in Iraqi Oil Companies
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with state-owned enterprises exhibiting notably weaker performance (average environmental score: 1.89/5) compared to foreign counterparts (2.68/5), attributed to regulatory voids and technical constraints. Environmental disclosure mediates 28.7% of carbon accounting’s impact, highlighting transparency as a catalyst for sustainability outcomes. Structural challenges—including absent binding legislation (cited in 73.3% of interviews), funding shortages (80%), and skilled workforce deficits (60%)—hinder sector-wide progress. The study concludes that achieving Iraq’s low-carbon transition necessitates a tripartite strategy: mandatory carbon disclosure frameworks, targeted investments in green technologies, and international capacity-building partnerships. These insights offer policymakers and industry stakeholders actionable pathways to align economic objectives with global climate commitments while addressing institutional disparities
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